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"Multiple Meanings" of the Text and Music of Missa Salve diva parens

Birgit Lodes

In some manuscripts, the tenor voice of Obrecht’s Missa Salve diva parens is partially underlaid with a text in red, which does not belong to the Ordinary of the Mass (» Abb. Kyrie Salve diva parens). Such text indications usually hint at the material—meaning, which liturgical, spiritual, or secular melody—a cantus firmus mass is constructed. With the typical-looking Salve diva parens (also noted as the title of the Mass in A-Wn Mus.Hs. 15495), we face a puzzle: This prominently indicated text is not otherwise transmitted.[19]

 

Text Salve diva parens

Salve diva parens prolis amoenae,

Hail, divine mother of the lovely offspring,

Aeternis meritis virgo sacrata,

by eternal merits, holy virgin,

Qua lux vera, deus, fulsit in orbem

through whom the true light, God, shines into the world

Et carnem subiit rector Olympi.

and the ruler of Olympus has become flesh.

 

In the first half of the verse, similar to a hexameter (thus formally identical to the first words of the Introitus of the Marian Mass Salve sancta parens), its meter is a rare, post-classical one that certainly belongs in the context of humanist poetry..[20] The content of the text also references Salve sancta parens. Remarkably, the opening words differ in the word “diva” from Salve sancta parens. “Diva” is not a typical epithet for Mary like “sancta” or “vera.” Here, the divine mother and then her divine son are explicitly greeted, which has not only Christian but also mythological connotations (see, for example, Virgil’s Aeneis).

The ruler is surprisingly addressed with the non-Christian image of the “Ruler of Olympus” (“rector Olympi”), whereby, besides the expected meaning “Jesus,” “Jupiter” (the actual “rector Olympi”[21]) also resonates, or the two ideas merge. And for “Olympi,” the more usual Christian alternative “caeli” could have been used.

Thus, Salve diva parens is a text that formally and content-wise takes up liturgical topoi but is by no means liturgical; rather, it is newly created in an artful manner (» I. Humanisten). Christian and ancient mythological elements are interwoven: [22] The text, which speaks of the enlightenment of the world through the incarnation of the ruler, refers not only to God and Christ but also to the ruler in general. This peculiarity is as difficult to understand in the context of a pure Marian Mass as the artful and deliberate meter of the text.

Just as the neo-Latin text is consciously ambiguous (using both Christian-liturgical and mythological-classical terms), the musical construction is also peculiarly ambivalent. Some scholars have pointed out that, on the one hand, a fixed melody as a cantus firmus seems to recur in the first tenor tones of the individual mass movements. This corresponds to the expectation of the legitimate construction of a contemporary cantus-firmus mass and is accordingly suggested by the title. On the other hand, the cantus firmus is obviously not maintained in the composition; rather, the mass seems to be freely composed over long stretches or implements purely musical construction principles (such as motivic-additive constructions[23] and self-referential turns; » Hörbsp. ♫ Qui cum Patre).

Thus, both the text and the musical structure of Salve diva parens work with the principle of overlaying two levels. Similar examples are known from the context of ruler staging since the Middle Ages and experience a particular bloom under Maximilian I (see the Kap. „Mehrfacher Sinn“: Maria als Mutter des zukünftigen Herrschers).

[19] The reconstruction of the Latin text according to Staehelin 1975, 20–23.

[20] The underlying text, a type of hymn stanza, could represent a humanistic expansion of the Marian hymn O quam glorifica luce coruscas (zugeschrieben an Hucbald von Saint-Amand, 840–930), in the same rare meter (catalectic Asclepiadeus minor), especially since the - known to be untraceable - cantus firmus of the Mass seems to have similarities with that of Févin’s Missa O quam glorifica (Strohm 1985, 148).

[21] “Rector” does not appear in the New Testament, but frequently in Ovid, especially concerning Augustus and Jupiter; see Flieger 1993, 67–69.

[22] See Stieglecker 2001, among others, 388–391; on humanistic veneration of saints in general, see ibid, 17–122.

[23] See Wegman 1994, 179–183.