You are here

"Multiple Meanings": Mary as the Mother of the Future Ruler

Birgit Lodes

In the Weißkunig, a German-language (auto-)biography co-authored by Maximilian himself, numerous passages are modeled after the stories of Jesus’ life. Maximilian is portrayed as a god-like world savior—an interpretation that not only aligns with the traditional legitimacy of rulers (that all rightful kings and emperors are chosen and appointed by God[24]) but also exceeds it significantly in terms of vividness and intensity. For instance, the depiction of the Weißkunig’s birth is based on the Gospel of Luke: a brightly shining comet appears as a special “sign and revelation,” and the mother gives birth almost without pain.[25]

 

Abb. Geburt des Jungen Weißkunig

Abb. Geburt des Jungen Weißkunig

Geburt des Jungen Weißkunig (Maximilian) als Christus. Holzschnitt aus » A-Wn Cod. 3033, fol. 14v (um 1515?), der sogenannten Handschrift „F“ des Weißkunig mit 140 Holzschnitten (Probedrucken) und handschriftlichen Bildtiteln.

(Mit Genehmigung der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek.)

 

This is particularly evident in the corresponding woodcut, where the birth of Christ and Maximilian’s (alias Weißkunig’s) birth merge (» Abb. Geburt des Jungen Weißkunig). Although it is clearly Maximilian’s (alias Weißkunig’s) birth, “IHS“—the sacred name “Jesus”—is written on the cradle, and the inscription reads: “How the queen became pregnant and a son was born.”[26] Through this equation, this natural association with the holy sphere, the secular ruler receives divine legitimacy.

In the Latin biography written by Joseph Grünpeck, the Historia Friderici et Maximiliani,[27] ithe divine mission is highlighted as early as Maximilian’s birth. In the pen drawing attributed to Albrecht Altdorfer, “The First Bath of Little Maximilian,” the newborn stands (!) in the bath tub, next to him his cradle, again marked with “IHS.”[28] In general, many other parallels to episodes from Jesus’ life are drawn in the depiction of Maximilian’s childhood and life in the Weißkunig, the Historia, and in the Theuerdank —ranging from the unborn child’s leap in the mother’s womb to the carrying of the cross,[29] prompting art historian Larry Silver to exclaim: “What is so impressive […] is the equation of Maximilian with Christ himself, of his mother with Mary, and of his baptizer with Simeon.”[30]

While many of Maximilian’s ancestors were increasingly invoked and staged during his lifetime, the parallelization of “Maximilian as Jesus” was already established during the Burgundian period: Jean Molinet, the Burgundian court writer, made it his special concern to artfully legitimize the young ruler coming from abroad with all rhetorical means. In his Chroniques , he dressed Maximilian’s courtship in the words of the Annunciation to Mary in the Bible (the Duchess Mary is addressed with “Tu es bien heurée entres les femmes”—and she responds accordingly as the handmaid of the Lord) and proclaimed the arrival of the savior: Maximilian comes to Burgundy as “lux in tenebris” against the resistance of evil forces[31] (cf. the 3rd line of the text Salve diva parens: “Qua lux vera, deus, fulsit in orbem”; see Kap. „Mehrfacher Sinn“ von Text und Musik der Missa Salve diva parens).

In the context of the coronation, this stylization was of particular relevance to Molinet for the fundamental concept of legitimacy. He staged Maximilian as the Messiah: “The Highest King of Kings, the ruler of the world, has graciously looked upon us and, to save us from our captivity, chosen a pure maiden named Mary, of royal descent, like a lily among thorns, and has sent down from his majestic throne Archduke Maximilian to our region, his very beloved son, who, after finding himself in this arduous vale of tears full of enemies, with the help of well-intentioned people, defeated the enemies […].[32] The text goes on to recount numerous images from the life and suffering of Jesus, including: Maximilian bore the cross, took upon himself the greatest suffering, rose again, ascended with the highest glory to his parents and friends, and said to his father: “Pater, manifestavi nomen tuum hominibus.” (John 17:6).[33]

Molinet concluded his report on the coronation (including the inaugural visits to the Flemish cities) with an extensive chapter titled “Le Paradis Terrestre,” which can be considered the centerpiece of his Chroniques.[34] In it, he provides an overarching interpretation of the events and compares the emperor (Frederick III.), the king (Maximilian), and his son Philip to the Holy Trinity: Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, with the latter parallel being the most challenging. Philip, according to Molinet, would move back and forth and fly between father and son like the Holy Spirit. Molinet’s parallelization of emperor, king, and duke with the Trinity is embedded in a poetic social concept, the “ciel imperial” (imperial heaven), where the nearest planets—moon, Mercury, and Venus—represent the peasants, trade, and bourgeoisie. The sun, in the center of the planets, is equated with the church and the ancient church fathers and philosophers; Mars with the nobility; Jupiter, as the son of Saturn and the most radiant planet, with the Roman kings, especially Maximilian; and Saturn, the most distant planet, with the emperor.[35]

In multiple ways, the images already merge in Molinet’s work by employing both sacred and—following ancient tradition—mythical roles for Maximilian: On the one hand, he parallels emperor, king, and duke with God the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, and stylizes the Burgundian Duchess Mary analogously to the Mother of God as the chosen woman. On the other hand, he compares the social order with the order of the stars. The association “Jupiter,” as shown above, also resonates in the phrase “rector orbis” in the text Salve diva parens and frequently recurs in Maximilian’s panegyric, most prominently in Conrad Celtis’ poet laureate ode composed for Frederick III in 1487, characterizing the joint rule of emperor and king.[36]

Thus, Molinet’s Chroniques laid the foundation for what Maximilian, continuing the medieval stylization of the secular ruler as “christomimetes,” vehemently represented throughout his life. He preferred to compare the burdens and concerns of his office with the sufferings of Christ, or with the Egyptian Horus and Osiris or Hercules. Under the image of Hercules Germanicus, the emperor was venerated as the savior of Germany. According to Hermann Wiesflecker, divine grace, divine sonship, and unity with God made no essential difference in his religious imagination. The rebirth of man into the likeness of God corresponded as much to humanistic ideas as “deification” did to the thoughts of German mysticism.”[37]

[24] The current historical events have their precedents in the New Testament, which in turn fulfill the salvation history of events in the Old Testament. “Thus, there is a legitimization of the Christian ruler from the Old Covenant, which already appears in Carolingian-Frankish times as equal to the legitimization from the ancient Imperium.” (Cremer 1995, 88 f.).

[25] Maximilian I.Weißkunig 1888, 47–49.

[26] Müller 1982, 147 f.; Dietl 2009, 37–40.

[27] Ca. 1513/14;Maximilian partly dictated the book and corrected it by hand.

[28] » A-Whh Hs. Blau 9 Cod. 24, fol. 38r; see also Silver 2008, 136 f., and the illustration there.

[29] Cremer 1995, esp. 88–99; Wiesflecker 1971, 65–67.

[30] Silver 2008, 137.

[31] See also Müller 1982, 147 f., 333; Wiesflecker 1971, 121, 131 f.; Molinet 1935–1937, vol. 1, 338.

[32] Molinet 1935–1937, vol. 1, 535 (in free translation).

[33] “I have revealed your name to the people you gave me out of the world.” With these words in the Gospel of John, Christ himself (here Maximilian!) declares whose true son he is.

[34] Molinet 1935–1937, vol. 1, 529–539; see also Frieden 2013Thiry 1990, 268–270.

[35] Molinet 1935–1937, vol. 1, 533–539; see also Müller 1982, 147.

[36] Ode 1,1 Caesar magnificis; see also Mertens 2000, 74 f.; fundamentally on this topic: Tanner 1993Seznec 1953.

[37] Wiesflecker 1991, 355 f.