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Jacob Obrecht's Missa Salve diva parens and Archduke Maximilian

Birgit Lodes

Obrecht’s Missa Salve diva parens opens the choir book » A-Wn Mus.Hs. 15495, which was created for Maximilian I around 1508-1510 in connection with his journey to the Netherlands as a newly proclaimed emperor and the conclusion of the “League of Cambrai” (December 10, 1508). For this magnificent manuscript, a repertoire was generally selected that was related to Maximilian himself or his daughter Margarete (see » D. Musikalische Huldigungsgeschenke, Kap. Zum Repertoire der Handschrift A-Wn Mus.Hs. 15495).Generally, within the Burgundian-Habsburg manuscript complex, the first composition in a codex is usually the most significant for the dedicatee. The opening page is usually also the most richly illuminated, often featuring the coats of arms of the gift recipients – as seen here with those of Emperor Maximilian I and his (second) wife Bianca Maria Sforza (» Abb. Kyrie Salve diva parens). In the case of A-Wn Mus.Hs. 15495, it is particularly noticeable that the Missa Salve diva parens, unlike the following repertoire, was already quite old (around 25 years) and was specifically subjected to a modernizing revision during the copying process (see » C. Medien mehrstimmiger Vokalmusik).

This finding suggests that the mass must have been associated with a special event in Maximilian’s life: Why else would such a relatively “old” work be placed meaningfully at the forefront of a manuscript explicitly compiled for Maximilian, and even undergo a modernization for this purpose?

The Missa Salve diva parens was already recorded in Rome at the end of 1487 or early 1488 in the choir book » V-VCbav (ehemals I-Rvat) Capp. Sist. 51[3] – possibly Obrecht himself brought it there in early 1488.[4] With this creation time, this mass reaches back to a period from which we know extraordinarily little about Maximilian’s court music. In 1482, his wife Maria of Burgundy died in a riding accident; Maximilian then took over the Burgundian government affairs as the guardian of his four-year-old son Philip. The highly renowned Burgundian court chapel, taken over by Maria’s father in 1477 with more than 20 singers, seems to have been neglected by Maximilian during this war-torn period, and we know almost nothing about the potential court music repertoire of the 1480s.[5] A telling testament to Maria’s and Maximilian’s Marian devotion, which also found expression in a daily polyphonic Marian mass, is the extremely richly endowed mass foundation that Maria of Burgundy bequeathed to the Bruges Church of Our Lady on her deathbed, which Maximilian ensured was carried out.[6] However, the sung repertoire is also unknown here.

In the fall of 1485, Maximilian rebuilt the Burgundian court chapel on a grand scale. Looking forward to reuniting with his father, Emperor Frederick III, and the hoped-for coronation, he recruited the best and most experienced singers from all over Europe, as described by the Burgundian court chronicler Jean Molinet (1435–1507), and dressed them lavishly in signal red.[7] The chapel performed during the months-long festivities surrounding the royal election and coronation and accompanied Maximilian on his subsequent journey through Artois, Flanders, and Brabant. After that, the records fall silent again – with the Burgundian succession war and the ongoing war against France, politically difficult times prevailed once more. It is only documented later that Maximilian compensated several court chapel members with a larger payment when he left the Netherlands at the end of 1488, after his captivity in Bruges (January to May 1488) (see » I. Hofkapelle Maximilians). At the beginning of the 1490s, his son Archduke Philip officially took over the Burgundian chapel.[8]

The connection suggested by the prominent position in the magnificent choir book A-Wn Mus.Hs. 15495 between Obrecht’s Missa Salve diva parens and Archduke or King Maximilian is remarkable given the loss of sources from the Burgundian-Habsburg court chapel of the 1480s: At least one work is thus tangible that most likely belonged to this chapel’s repertoire in the late 1480s. Moreover, research had not previously assumed a connection between Maximilian and Obrecht (c. 1457/58–1505), who presented his first mass settings around 1480 (see » G. Jacob Obrecht).

In addition, the earliest recording of the mass (in I-Rvat Cap. Sist. 51 at the end of 1487/beginning of 1488) is temporally close to a major state event in Maximilian’s life: his coronation in the spring of 1486 in Aachen. The second early recording in a fragmentarily preserved manuscript (» A-LIb Hs. 529; » C. Medien mehrstimmiger Vokalmusik, Kap. Handschriftliche Quellen zur Missa Salve diva parens) also indicates a corresponding connection, likely associated with Maximilian I’s environment after his return to the empire (around 1490–1492). These circumstances justify the hypothesis that Obrecht composed.

[3] Roth 1998, esp. 46 f., 52 f., 55. From Rome, the Mass likely found its way into the extensive choirbook » I-VEcap 761 in the mid-1490s. For the creation time and circumstances of this manuscript, see Rifkin 2009.

[4] The documents related to the presumed journey to Rome were compiled by Rob C. Wegman (Wegman 1994, 139–144), who assumes that the Mass was already in Rome at that time.

[5] The Mass repertoire of the Burgundian court chapel from the 1460s and 1470s is found in the choirbook » B-Br Ms. 5557 (facsimile: Wegman 1989). The six anonymously transmitted L’homme armé Masses in the choirbook » I-Nn Ms. VI E 40 are likely also connected to the Burgundian chapel. The “Alamire Manuscripts,” closely associated with the court, were created during or after the reign of Philip I the Handsome (» A-Wn Mus. Hs. 15495).

[6] See Strohm 2009.

[7] Detailed account with names of singers, their positions, and musical qualities in Molinet 1935–1937, vol. 1, 469 f.

[8] The usual date given is November 17, 1492 (see Fiala 2015, 434); Honey Meconi (Meconi 2003, 20–23) interprets the surviving payment records differently and assumes the transfer took place on September 30, 1495; see Gasch 2015, esp. 363 f.