“Musica, Schalmeyen, pusaunen krumphörner”: Shawms, trombones und crumhorns
As the “Maister” of the second musician carriage in the Triumphzug, “Music: shawms, trombones und crumhorns” (“Musica, Schalmeyen, pusaunen, krumphörner”) (» Abb. Triumphzug Bläser), Hans Neuschel (c. 1470–1533) is named. He was never a permanent member of Maximilian’s court chapel, but worked as a trumpet maker and city piper in Nuremberg.[21] Although Maximilian evidently valued him and often requested him from the Nuremberg council as a musician, Neuschel himself was not entirely happy about this honour, as the travels to Maximilian, which sometimes occupied him “lenger dann jar und tag” (longer than a year and a day), caused him to neglect his other customers: “because his workshop was completely idle and he had to abstain from his craft in his absence, thereby losing his customers and traders, and the income he would otherwise earn, and he had to incur many debts because he had to follow the emperor.”[22] Trombonists like Neuschel, or Hans Stewdl (or Steydlin), who is mentioned elsewhere in the Triumphzug, were specialists who performed with the singers on special occasions. For example, it is noted that during the Imperial Diet in Trier in 1512, the emperor “heard Mass, which was sung in discant [polyphony]. Therein, cornettos and trombones played.”[23] This suggests that one or more trombones played the lower parts of a vocally performed polyphonic Mass while a cornett player played the upper part and presumably improvised. It is also conceivable that a trombonist played a new or additional contratenor part. (A possible impression of such a “loud” ensemble is provided by » Hörbsp. ♫ La la hö hö.)
This exact situation is depicted in the Triumphzug on the carriage of the “Music: Chapel” (“Musica Canterey”) (» Abb. Triumphzug Kantorei) where alongside the singers, a cornett player and a trombonist can be seen. According to the pictorial program, Augustin Schubinger and Hans Stewdl are depicted here. Schubinger was evidently the specialist for cornett playing in his time. He came from an Augsburg city piper family that produced many outstanding wind players.[24] AAugustin was probably born around 1460 and is documented as a city piper in Augsburg from 1477. Temporarily also in the service of the Margrave of Brandenburg and Maximilian’s father, Frederick III, he can be traced between 1489 and 1493 in northern Italy and especially in Florence, where Henricus Isaac (» G. Henricus Isaac) also worked. After the fall of the Medici, Augustin returned to Habsburg service; again, in a certain parallel to Isaac, who returned to Maximilian’s court a few years later. He seems to have gradually specialized in the cornett, as at the beginning of his career he is still referred to as a “pfeifer,” generally understood to be a professional musician and player of wind instruments, then as a “busauner,” indicating a certain specialization in contratenor parts, and also as a lutenist. This shows that instrumental musicians were generally proficient in several instruments. In the employment contract of Augustin’s younger brother Ulrich with the Archbishop of Salzburg in 1519, it is stated that he serves his new lord “with viols, fiddles, trombones, pipes, lutes, and other instruments in music, on which he can play.”[25] With the exception of keyboard instruments, all conceivable wind, plucked, and string instruments are listed here, which were quite evidently mastered and probably played.
[21] See Jahn 1925, 10 ff., and Kirnbauer 2000, 25 ff.
[22] Kirnbauer 1992, 131.
[23] Nedden 1932/33, 31.
[24] See Polk 1989a; Polk 1989b.
[25] Hintermaier 1993, 38.
[1] Zum Triumphzug, seinen unterschiedlichen Versionen und der komplexen Entstehungsgeschichte informiert Appuhn 1979 und Michel/Sternath 2012; zur Bedeutung für Maximilian Müller 1982; zum Verhältnis zwischen Abbildung und Realität Polk 1992; das Zitat stammt aus der frühesten erhaltenen Formulierung des ikonographischen Programms des Triumphzugs 1512 in » A-Wn Cod. 2835, fol. 3v.
[2] Koczirz 1930/31, 531 f.
[4] Nedden 1932/33, 27 (Zitat aus den Augsburger Baumeisterbüchern von 1491, den Kassenbüchern des Rats über Ein- und Ausgaben).
[5] Vgl. Simonsfeld 1895, 267 f.
[6] Vgl. Strohm 2009, 98.
[7] Zitiert nach Waldner 1897/98, 2.
[8] Treitzsaurwein 1775, 78.
[9] Vgl. Schwindt 2012.
[10] Sie erhält im Juni 1520 bei der Auflösung der Hofkapelle nach dem Tode von Maximilian die hohe Summe von 50 Gulden „zu Irer vnderhaltung vnd Zerung“; Koczirz 1930/31, 535.
[11] Wie beispielsweise „Hannsen pfeiffer vnnd matheusen Trumelschlacher“, die 1491 ausdrücklich für ihre Dienste „bei Tanz“ an der Fasnacht bezahlt werden; Waldner, 1897/98, 52.
[12] Appuhn 1979, 172 f.
[13] Für eine Zusammenstellung der musikrelevanten Abbildungen siehe Henning 1987, 69–94
[15] Vgl. Gombosi 1932/33; Heinzer 1999, 92 ff.
[17] Vgl. Kirnbauer 2005.
[18] Vgl. Kirnbauer 2003, 243–248 (dort auch zum Folgenden).
[20] Laut Zahlungen in den Augsburger (D-As) Baumeisterbüchern Nr. 103 (1509), fol. 24v, und Nr. 104 (1510), fol. 28; freundliche Mitteilung von Keith Polk.
[21] Vgl. Jahn 1925, 10 ff., und Kirnbauer 2000, 25 ff.
[22] Kirnbauer 1992, 131.
[23] Nedden 1932/33, 31.
[24] Vgl. Polk 1989a; Polk 1989b.
[25] Hintermaier 1993, 38.
[26] Vgl. Brief von Paul Hofhaimer an Joachim Vadian am 14. Mai 1524; Moser 1966, 56.
[29] Nowak 1932, 84.
[30] Praetorius 1619, 148.
[31] So der Wortlaut in der Formulierung des ikonographischen Programms in » A-Wn Ms. 2835, fol. 8v.
[32] Vgl. Welker 1992, 189–194.
[33] Aich 1515, Titelblatt des Tenor-Stimmbuchs; zur Datierung siehe Schwindt 2008, 117 ff.
[34] Vgl. Bernoulli/Moser 1930, v–vii; McDonald/Raninen 2018.
[35] Vgl. Brinzing 1998, 137–154; Filocamo 2009.
[37] » A-Wn, Mus. Hs. 41950; Faksimile und Beschreibung in Kirnbauer 2003. Lautentabulaturen der nächsten Generation aus dem süddeutschen Sprachraum beschreibt » H. Lautenisten und Lautenspiel (Kateryna Schöning).
[38] Gerle 1533, fol. IIv.
[39] Vgl. Moser 1966, 26 und 182, Fußnote 35.
[40] Vgl. Moser 1966, 137–140; Radulescu 1978, 66 f.; siehe auch » C. Orgeln und Orgelmusik.
Empfohlene Zitierweise:
Martin Kirnbauer: “Instrumentalkünstler am Hof Maximilians I.”, in: Musikleben des Spätmittelalters in der Region Österreich <https://musical-life.net/essays/instrumentalkunstler-am-hof-maximilians-i> (2016).